I think there is an issue regarding the evolution of Western culture underpinning much of this history.

I try covering it in this essay;

https://medium.com/@johnbrodixmerrymanjr/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-western-mind-906dc73cffe2

To focus on the evolution of Western Jewry, in the relationship between nodes and networks, the Western paradigm is very object oriented, from atomism to individualism. Consequently the necessary role of networks is undervalued, so that Jews, possessing a tight cultural bond across nations and communities, filled many of these roles. Traders, merchants, bankers, intellectuals, doctors, etc, As such, were foundational to the evolution of Western cosmopolitanism.

It should be noted that Europe is geographically broken up into various nation sized parcels, by seas, channels, peninsulas, mountains, forests, rivers, etc. Such that the evolution of nation states had a clear mandate.

Meanwhile Asia is more geographically open and philosophically more contextual, so the relationships between the various tribal groupings were more fluid, so there was less need for a distinct networking mechanism to take hold. Consequently the Jews of these areas remained one of the various ethnic cultures.

It should be noted that Russia and China are larger than Europe, but manage to function as nations in a way the EU can only dream about.