Then again, maybe a lot of it is just made up bs.

Epicycles were brilliant math, as a model of our view of the cosmos. Turns out crystalline spheres were lousy physics, as causal explanation.

As mobile organisms, this sentient interface our body has with its situation functions as a sequence of perceptions, in order to navigate, so our experience of time is as the present going past to future. While it is the basis of culture and civilization, as narrative and history and physics codifies it as measures of duration, the evident reality, for those of us experiencing reality first hand, is that activity and the resulting change turns future to past. Tomorrow becomes yesterday, because the earth turns.

There is no dimension of time, because the past is consumed by the present, to inform and drive it. Causality and conservation of energy. Cause becomes effect.

Different clocks can run at different rates simply because they are separate actions. Think metabolism. That culture is about synchronizing society as a larger social super organism, using the same languages, rules and measures, it might seem like there should be that one universal Newtonian flow, but it's rabbit time and turtle time and the turtle is still plodding along, long after the rabbit has died.

Energy is conserved, because it manifests this presence, creating time, temperature, pressure, color and sound, as frequencies and amplitudes, rates and degrees.

Energy, as presence, goes past to future, because the patterns generated come and go, future to past. Energy drives the wave, the fluctuations rise and fall. No tiny strings necessary.

Consciousness also goes past to future, while the perceptions giving it form go future to past. The digestive system processes the energy, feeding the flame, while the nervous system sorts the patterns.

Ideal gas laws correlate volume with temperature and pressure, but we don't confuse them with space, even though they are as foundational to our emotions and bodily functions, as sequence is thought.

Treating time as that metaphysical flow tends to obscure the actual dynamics occurring. All the various feedback loops, reciprocity, cycles, circularity, etc. Then we wonder why the feedback goes from positive to negative at the crest of the wave.

As for cosmology, if intergalactic space expanded, wouldn't the speed of the light crossing it have to increase proportionally, in order to remain CONSTANT????

The theory assumes two metrics based on the speed and spectrum of the same light. Given it is an expanding space and not tired light theory, the speed still functions as the denominator.

One way light does redshift over distance is as multi spectrum packets, as the higher frequencies dissipate faster. Yet that would mean we are sampling a wave front and the quantification of light is an artifact of its absorption and measurement. A loading theory. Imagine how that would go over with the Grand Poobas of physics?

When it gets to the point the theories can no longer be falsified, only patched with ever more extreme postulations, it's not really science anymore, just another religion.

Galaxies are the energy radiating out, as structure coalesces in.

What if the properties associated with mass are feedback between the energy and that centripetal dynamic? No need for Dark Matter.